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Ammonia
Ammonia is produced in the gastrointestinal tract by the action of bacterial and mucosal cell enzymes on proteins and amino acids. It enters the portal circulation and is normally metabolized in the liver to urea and glutamine. When the liver is…
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Cystatin C
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is typically defined as GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) greater than or equal to 30 mg/g that is present for 3 months or more. In 2021, the National Kidney Foundation and…
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Hepatitis B Virus…
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids which may occur during pregnancy or delivery, sexual activity, or injection drug use. An estimated 1.6 to 2.4 million persons are infected with HBV in the…
